GLEN RIDGE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Curriculum Guide
Course Title: Anatomy
and Physiology
Subject: Science
Grade Level: 11,
12
Department/School: Science/High
School
Duration: Full
Year
Number of Credits: 5
Prerequisite: Biology,
Chemistry
Elective or Required: Elective
Author: Michael Levine
Date Submitted: Summer 2005
Course Description
This course is designed to give
students an appreciation of the structures and functions of all of the systems
of the human body. Through anatomy,
students will gain an understanding of the structures and organization of the
human body. Through physiology, students
will gain an understanding of how these structures function as part of a
system. All of the human body systems
will be examined, including the Skeletal system, the Muscular system, the
Nervous system, the Endocrine system, the Cardiovascular system, the Lymphatic
system, the Digestive system, the Respiratory system, the Urinary system, the
Reproductive system and the Integumentary system.
GLEN RIDGE PUBLIC SCHOOLS
SCIENCE
The
Our students will use the scientific method to understand
and respond to questions about science, technology, and societal and world
problems. Students will be challenged and encouraged to take risks and to
develop critical thinking skills as they apply to real-world experiences.
Science
STANDARD 5.1 (SCIENTIFIC
PROCESSES)
STANDARD 5.2 (SCIENCE
STANDARD 5.3 (MATHEMATICAL
APPLICATIONS)
STANDARD 5.4 (NATURE
STANDARD 5.5 (CHARACTERISTICS
OF
STANDARD 5.6 (CHEMISTRY)
STANDARD 5.7 (PHYSICS)
STANDARD 5.8 (EARTH SCIENCE)
STANDARD 5.9 (ASTRONOMY and
SPACE SCIENCE)
STANDARD 5.10 (ENVIRONMENTAL
STUDIES)
Course Description
Objectives:
Upon completion of this unit the student will demonstrate
the ability to:
1. Define
Anatomy and Physiology.
2. Identify
the levels of organization of the human body from the molecular level to the
organism.
3. List
the characteristics and requirements of all living things.
4. Define
homeostasis and describe how it is maintained in the human body through
negative feedback.
5. Describe
the organization of the human body by being able to:
a. Name
and identify all of the body’s major cavities
b. Name
and identify all of the body’s major membranes
c. List and describe the function of all of the human systems
6. Define anatomical
terminology.
Activities:
-
Practice labeling various regions of the body.
-
Use visual cues to point out cavities and
membranes of the body.
-
Use the “Histology” section of the website to
view slides of various tissues.
-
Use the book’s website to review terms using the
various review games.
- Examine how Radiologists use various techniques to visualize internal structures and
view some examples.
-
Research careers in Anatomy and Physiology.
Science Core Curriculum Standards: 5.1, 5.2, 5.4, 5.5
Duration of Time: 2
weeks
Unit 2: Levels of Organization
Objectives:
Upon completion of this unit the student will demonstrate
the ability to:
1. Define
chemistry and explain its importance in the study of living organisms.
2. Describe
the structure of matter and the structure of the atom.
3. Describe
how atoms can bond to each other and identify the results of bonding.
4. List
and define the three types of chemical reactions.
5. List
and describe the chemical constituents of cells, including inorganic and
organic compounds
6. Distinguish
the organic compounds, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic
acids.
7. Describe
the makeup of cells and identify all of its major organelles.
8. Explain
how the structure of a cell membrane determines its function.
9. Explain
how materials move through the membrane.
10. Describe
the steps of the cell cycle, from cell specialization to cell death.
11. Describe
metabolic reactions, including catabolism and anabolism.
12. Explain how
enzymes control metabolic reactions and the metabolic pathway
13. Explain how
cellular respiration supplies cells with the energy required for metabolism.
14. Describe
the structure and function of
15. Describe
the steps of protein synthesis.
16. List the
four major types of tissues.
17. Describe
the general characteristics, functions, and examples of epithelial tissue,
connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue.
18. Describe
the four major types of membranes.
Activities:
-
Create models of atoms, elements and compounds.
-
Determine the pH of various solutions using pH
paper and the pH scale.
-
Identify organic compounds in substances by
chemically testing them using lab equipment and indicators.
-
Model the membrane and its function.
-
Use microscopes and online slides to examine
various cells and parts of cells.
-
Use virtual lab to label the parts of the cell.
-
Analyze the effectiveness of enzymes through
laboratory experiments.
-
Model and label
-
Label four types of tissues using visual aids.
-
View various tissues under the microscope and
using online slides.
Science Core Curriculum Standards: 5.1, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
Duration: 6 weeks
Objectives:
Upon completion of this unit the student will demonstrate
the ability to:
1. List
the organs of the integumentary system and describe its overall functions.
2. List
and describe the structure of the layers of the skin.
3. Describe
the function of each layer of skin.
4. List
and describe the accessory organs of the skin.
5. Explain
how the skin regulates body temperature.
6. Describe
the process of wound healing.
7. Describe
the general structure of a bone and list the functions of its parts.
8. Explain
the processes of bone development and growth.
9. List
the major functions of the bones and the skeletal system.
10. Locate and
identify all of the bones of the human skeleton.
11. List three
classes of joints, describe their characteristics and provide an example of
each.
12. List and
describe the six types of synovial joints.
13. Explain how
muscles produce movement at the joints.
14. Name the
major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber and describe the function of each.
15. Explain the
events of skeletal muscle fiber contraction and how it obtains its energy.
16. Explain how
types of muscular contraction produce body movements and help maintain posture.
17. Describe
the structures and functions of smooth muscle.
18. Compare the
contraction mechanisms of skeletal and smooth muscle fibers.
19. Describe
the structures and functions of cardiac muscle.
20. Compare the
contraction mechanisms of skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers.
21. Describe
the locations and actions of the major skeletal muscles of each body region.
Activities:
-
Label parts of skin using visual aids.
-
Examine different layers of skin using
microscope and online slides.
-
Research different forms of skin cancer, their
causes and treatments.
-
Use models and other visual aids to identify the
bones of the skeleton system.
-
Examine bone cells using microscope slides.
-
Use models and other visual aids to identify
important skeletal muscles.
-
Demonstrate muscle fiber contraction.
-
Examine the effects of sustained muscular
contraction.
Science Core Curriculum Standards: 5.1, 5.2, 5.5, 5.6
Duration of Time: 7
weeks
Objectives:
Upon completion of this unit the student will demonstrate
the ability to:
1. List
and describe the two divisions of the nervous system.
2. Explain
the general functions of the nervous system.
3. State
the functions of the neuroglial cells and distinguish between the types of
these cells in the central nervous system.
4. Describe
the general structure and functions of different classes of neurons.
5. Describe
the events that lead to the conduction of a nerve impulse and the propagation
of an impulse over a synapse.
6. Describe
how nerve fibers in peripheral nerves are classified.
7. List
and identify the functions of the parts of a reflex arc.
8. Identify
and describe the structures and functions of the meninges, the spinal cord and
the brain.
9. Distinguish
among motor, sensory, and association areas of the cerebral cortex.
10. Identify
and describe the structures of the peripheral nervous system.
11. Identify
and describe the structures of the autonomic nervous system.
12. Name the
five kinds of receptors and explain their function.
13. Describe
the receptors associated with the sense of touch, pressure, temperature and
pain.
14. Identify
the locations of the receptors associated with the special senses.
15. Explain the
mechanisms for smell and taste.
16. Identify
and describe the structures of the ears and eyes.
17. Describe
the functions of the endocrine system.
18. Define
hormones and name some functions of hormones.
19. Explain how
hormones affect target cells.
20. Explain how
hormonal secretions are regulated.
21. Name and
describe the locations of the major endocrine glands and list the names and
functions of the hormones they secrete.
22. Define
stress and describe how the body responds to it.
Activities:
-
Model neurons and the nerve impulse.
-
Using visual aids, label the structures of a
neuron.
-
Examine different types of nerve cells using
microscope and online slides.
-
Label the structures of the brain using models.
-
Experiment on reflex arc by testing various
reflexes.
-
Label the structures of the eyes and ears using
visual aids.
-
Experiment testing the senses.
-
Label the major endocrine glands using visual
aids.
-
Research the affects of steroids on the body.
-
Research a disorder caused by malfunctions of
the nervous system or endocrine system.
Science Core Curriculum Standards: 5.1, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
Duration of Time: 7
weeks
Objectives:
Upon completion of this unit the student will demonstrate the
ability to:
1. Describe
the general characteristics and functions of blood.
2. Explain
the function of red blood cells and the control of red blood cell production.
3. Distinguish
among the five types of white blood cells and describe functions of each.
4. List
the components of blood plasma.
5. Explain
the major steps in blood coagulation.
6. Explain
blood typing with relevance to blood transfusions and reactions between fetal
and maternal tissues.
7. Identify
the organs of the cardiovascular system and describe their functions.
8. Identify
and locate the major parts of the heart and describe the function of each part.
9. Trace
the pathway of blood through pulmonary circulation.
10. Explain the
cardiac cycle and describe how it is controlled.
11. Compare the
structures and functions of the major blood vessels.
12. Explain how
blood pressure is produced and controlled.
13. Identify
and locate the major arteries and veins of pulmonary and systemic circulation.
14. Describe
the general functions of the lymphatic system.
15. Identify
the locations of the major lymphatic pathways.
16. Describe
how lymph forms and explain its function and circulation.
17. Describe a
lymph node and its major functions.
18. Explain the
functions of the thymus and spleen.
19. Distinguish
between nonspecific defense and specific defense against infection and provide
examples of each.
20. List six
nonspecific defense mechanisms and describe their actions.
21. Explain how
two major types of lymphocytes are formed and activated and how they function.
22. Name the
major types of immunoglobulins and describe their actions.
23. Distinguish
between primary and secondary immune responses.
24. Distinguish
between passive and active immunity.
25. Explain the
role of the immune system in allergic reactions, tissue rejection reactions and
autoimmunity.
Activities:
-
Perform a blood typing lab.
-
View different blood cells using microscope and
online slides.
-
Research various blood disorders.
-
Label the structures of the heart using visual
aids.
-
Label the major arteries and veins using visual
aids.
-
Trace the flow of blood through pulmonary circulation.
-
Label the lymphatic pathways and lymph nodes
using visual aids.
-
View lymphocytes and immunoglobulins using
microscope and online slides.
-
Research the causes and effects of various
autoimmune diseases.
Science Core Curriculum Standards: 5.1, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
Duration of Time: 6
weeks
Objectives:
Upon completion of this unit the student will demonstrate
the ability to:
1. Describe
the general functions of the digestive system.
2. Name
and locate the major organs of the digestive system.
3. Describe
the structure and the actions of the alimentary canal.
4. Name
the structures of the mouth and describe their function.
5. List
the different types of teeth and their function and parts.
6. List
the enzymes secreted by the digestive system and describe their specific
function and their regulation.
7. Describe
the mechanisms of swallowing, absorption and excretion of feces.
8. List
the major sources of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins and describe how they
are utilized.
9. List
the vitamins and minerals and describe their function.
10. List the
general functions of the respiratory system.
11. Name and
describe the locations of the organs of the respiratory system.
12. Describe
the function of each organ of the respiratory system.
13. Explain the
mechanisms of inspiration and expiration.
14. Locate the
respiratory center and describe how it controls breathing.
15. Explain how
air and blood exchange gases and how blood transports these gases.
16. Name and
list the general functions of the organs of the urinary system.
17. Describe
the location, structure and functions of the kidneys.
18. Trace the
flow of blood through the major vessels within a kidney.
19. Describe a
nephron and explain the functions of its major parts.
20. Describe
the mechanisms and structures involved in urine formation and elimination.
21. Explain
water and electrolyte balance and discuss the importance of this balance.
Activities:
-
Experiment on action of enzymes on various
substances.
-
Label the organs of the digestive system using
visual aids.
-
Examine the cells of the digestive system using a
microscope and online slides.
-
Research the causes and effects of disorders of
the digestive system.
-
Label the organs of the respiratory system using
visual aids.
-
Examine the cells of the respiratory system
using a microscope and online slides.
-
Research the causes and effects of disorders of
the respiratory system.
-
Model the mechanism of breathing.
-
Label the organs of the urinary system using
visual aids.
-
Examine the cells of the urinary system using a microscope
and online slides.
-
Model the structure and function of the nephron.
-
Research the effects of water, electrolyte or
acid/base imbalances.
Science Core Curriculum Standards: 5.1, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
Duration of Time: 7
weeks
Objectives:
Upon completion of this unit the student will demonstrate
the ability to:
1. State
the general functions of the male and female reproductive systems.
2. Name
the parts of the male reproductive system and describe the functions of each.
3. Outline
the process of spermatogenesis and trace the path of the sperm cells.
4. Explain
the role of hormones in the male reproductive organs.
5. Name
the parts of the female reproductive system and describe the functions of each.
6. Outline
the process of oogenesis.
7. Explain
the role of hormones in the female reproductive system.
8. Describe
the major events that occur during a reproductive cycle.
9. List
the general symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases.
10. Distinguish
between growth and development.
11. Distinguish
between the prenatal and postnatal periods.
12. Define
pregnancy and describe the process of fertilization.
13. Describe
the major events of the prenatal period and the structures involved.
14. Describe
the birth process and explain the role of hormones.
15. Distinguish
among the modes of inheritance.
Activities:
-
Label the organs of the male and female
reproductive systems using visual aids.
-
Examine the cells of the reproductive systems
using a microscope and online slides.
-
Model spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
-
Research the causes and effects of sexually
transmitted diseases.
-
Label the structures involved in the prenatal
period.
Science Core Curriculum Standards: 5.1, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6
Duration of Time: 5 weeks
Texts, Resources,
and/or Literature
·
Text: Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and
Physiology by Shier,
·
Website: www.mhhe.com/shieress9
·
Resources: Teacher edition and teacher resource
package of text, various internet resources, laboratory manuals