AP PHYSICS B

SUMMER ASSIGNMENT 2008

The AP Physics B course next school year will be a continuation of what was studied in the Physics Honors class this year. We will study Electricity & Magnetism, Waves & Optics, some basic Atomic & Nuclear Physics, and finally some basic Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Physics. Please read the “Content Outline for Physics B” (attached) for a listing of the AP Physics B topics required by The College Board.

Our summer review work will focus on a thorough review of topics we’ve already studied: Newtonian Mechanics. There is nothing new! Newtonian Mechanics is VERY important and will be a MAJOR part (35%) of the actual AP Physics B examination next May. As well as being on the Glen Ridge Schools Website, several copies of this assignment will be available in the Guidance Office.

Our summer assignment is organized into three (3) parts:

1. THE MEMORIZATION

Using the attached sheets, make 75 “Flashcards” – one for each prefix/equation/concept with prompts on one side of a 3 x 5 “ index card and the values/relationships/responses on the other. See the examples below.

G	giga 1 x 10 ^9

à

centripetal (radial) acceleration

a c = v ^2 / r ac : centripetal acceleration, m/s^2 v : speed, m/s r : radius, m

à

Create and use these cards to memorize the 11 metric prefixes, the 51 Newtonian Mechanics concepts, and finally 13 Geometry and Trigonometry relationships. We are using symbols based on the Giancoli textbook, but be aware that unfortunately different symbols may be used for the same concepts by different authors, and even by The College Board. You have to recognize this difference when you read the same material in different books.

The “Flashcards” will be extremely useful in organizing and assisting you to master your Physics principles and to use them in problem solving.

2. THE REVIEW BOOK AND THE REVIEW

Please buy the AP Physics B review book: Cracking the AP Physics B

2008 Edition written by John Miller & Steven A. Leduc and published by The Princeton Review through Random House, Inc. The book’s ISBN number is 978-0-375-42846-3. We will be using it as our primary review book. The book costs $18 and is available at any good bookstore, such as Barnes and Noble, in the “Study Aids” section. It is a good book to take to college as a reference for any college Physics course you may take.

Carefully read/study/review the material dealing with Newtonian Mechanics: Introduction, Chapters 1 – 7. I would suggest reviewing only one chapter during one study session, but certainly do whatever works for you. Concentrate on understanding the Physics rather than pure memorization. The AP test questions are challenging and truly assess whether or not you truly UNDERSTAND the concepts.

Answer the Chapter Review Questions, and then check your work in the “Solutions to the Chapter Review Questions” in the back of the book on pages 362 - 393.

If any question is “puzzling” or does not seem to make sense,

immediately look at the solution in the back of the book.

Be sure to take the book with you whenever you expect to have some “free” time:

to the airport, to the beach, on vacation, and to Physics parties!

3. THE ASSESSMENTS

When we return in September, there will be a series of

six (6) assessments based on the summer assignment:

- one grade based on evidence of your making the 75 “Flashcards”,

- one quiz grade based on your successful memorization of the

75 key prefixes and key relationships/concepts,

- three quiz grades based on your ability to use the key relationships/concepts to solve related Physics problems,

and finally

- one “AP-style” test on Newtonian Mechanics.

These six assessments will be your first AP Physics B “grades”

next September!

If you have any questions, feel free to e-mail me at the e-mail address

below. I will periodically check my school e-mail messages throughout the summer, and I will respond as soon as possible.

Enjoy your summer and your PHYSICS REVIEW WORK!

I will be doing the same thing – but in a slightly different way!

(If you find any typing mistakes or errors in the relationships,

please let me know.)

M. Dancho

June 2008

MDancho@glenridge.org

Content Outline for AP Physics B

( This is based on College Board guidelines. )

I. Newtonian Mechanics

A. Kinematics (including vectors, vector algebra, components of vectors, coordinate systems, displacement, velocity, acceleration)

1. Motion in one dimension

2. Motion in two dimensions, including projectile motion

B. Newton’s laws of motion (including friction and centripetal force)

1. Static equilibrium (first law)

2. Dynamics of a single particle (second law)

3. Systems of two or more bodies (third law)

C. Work, energy, power

1. Work and the work-energy theorem

2. Forces and potential energy

3. Conservation of energy

4. Power

D. Systems of particles, linear momentum

1. Impulse and momentum

2. Conservation of linear momentum, collisions

(also angular momentum of a point mass)

E. Circular motion and rotation

1. Uniform circular motion

2. Torque and rotational statics

F. Oscillations and gravitation

1. Simple harmonic motion (dynamics and energy relationships)

2. Mass on a spring

3. Pendulum and other oscillations

4. Newton’s law of gravity

5. Orbits of planets and satellites - Circular

II. Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Physics

A. Fluid Mechanics

1. Hydrostatic pressure

2. Buoyancy

3. Fluid flow continuity

4. Bernoulli’s equation

B. Temperature and heat

1. Mechanical equivalent of heat

2. Heat transfer and thermal expansion

B. Kinetic theory and thermodynamics

1. Ideal gases

a. Kinetic model

b. Ideal gas law

2. Laws of thermodynamics

a. First law (including processes and pV diagrams)

b. Second law (including heat engines)

III. Electricity and Magnetism

A. Electrostatics

1. Charge and Coulomb’s law

2. Electric field and electric potential (including point charges)

B. Conductors, capacitors, dielectrics

1. Electrostatics with conductors

2. Capacitors

a. Capacitance

b. Parallel plate

C. Electric circuits

1. Current, resistance, power

2. Steady-state direct current circuits with batteries and resistors only

3. Capacitors in circuits - Steady state

D. Magnetic Fields

1. Forces on moving charges in magnetic fields

2. Forces on current-carrying wires in magnetic fields

3. Fields of long current-carrying wires

E. Electromagnetism

1. Electromagnetic induction (including Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law)

IV. Waves and Optics

A. Wave motion (including sound)

1. Traveling waves

2. Wave propagation

3. Standing waves

4. Superposition

B. Physical optics

1. Interference and diffraction

2. Dispersion of light and the electromagnetic spectrum

C. Geometric optics

1. Reflection and refraction

2. Mirrors

3. Lenses

V. Atomic and Nuclear Physics

A. Atomic physics and quantum effects

1. Photons, the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, x-rays

2. Atomic energy levels

3. Wave-particle duality

B. Nuclear physics

1. Nuclear reactions (including conservation of mass number and charge)

2. Mass-energy equivalence

Laboratory and experimental situations: Each examination will include one or more questions or parts of questions posed in a laboratory or experimental setting.

Miscellaneous: Each examination may include occasional questions that overlap several major areas, or questions on miscellaneous topics such as identification of vectors and scalars, vector mathematics, graphs of functions, history of physics, or contemporary topics in physics.

Some Important METRIC PREFIXES

The following 11 metric (SI) prefixes must be memorized:

G giga 1 x 10 ⁹

M mega 1 x 10 ⁶

k kilo 1 x 10 ³

h hecto 1 x 10 ²

da deka 1 x 10 ¹

d deci 1 x 10 ^-1

c centi 1 x 10 ^-2

m milli 1 x 10 ^-3

μ micro 1 x 10 ^-6

n nano 1 x 10 ^-9

p pico 1 x 10 ^-12

AP: Some Important

NEWTONIAN MECHANICS Relationships

centripetal (radial) acceleration a _c = v ² / r

period of a simple pendulum T = 2 π √ ( L / g )

final velocity squared v ² = v _o² + 2 a (x – x_o)

work (definition) W = F d cos θ

period of a mass vibrating on a spring T = 2 π √ ( m / k )

gravitational potential energy near the PE _G = U _G = m g y = m g h

surface of the Earth (or any celestial body) (relative to a given reference level)

impulse and its effect on momentum F Δt = Δ p = m v - m v_o

final velocity v = v_o + a t

Newton’s second law of motion ! F_net = Σ F = m a

gravitational potential energy for PE _G = U _G = G m₁ m₂ / r

masses separated by a large distance

power as a function of force and velocity P = F v cos θ

force of kinetic (sliding) friction F _fr (kinetic) = μ _k F _N

force of static (at rest) friction F _fr (static) ≤ μ _s F _N

translational kinetic energy KE = ½ m v ²

period and frequency of vibration T = 1 / f

period of vibration (definition) the time it takes an object to make one complete vibration or oscillation; usually measured in s

frequency of vibration (definition) the number of complete vibrations or oscillations of the object per unit time; usually measured in hertz, Hz

Newton’s law of universal gravitation F_G = G m₁ m₂ / r ²

torque (magnitude & definition) torque = τ (tau) = r F sin θ

Hooke’s law (magnitude form) F = k Δx = k Δd

Hooke’s law (vector form) F = - k Δx = k Δd

final position x = x_o + v_o t + ½ a t ²

momentum (definition) p = m v

impulse (definition) J = F Δt = Δp

power (basic definition) P _avg = W / Δt

elastic potential energy as a function PE_s = U _s = ½ k Δx ² = ½ k Δd ²

of the spring constant and displacement

average acceleration (basic definition) a = Δ v / Δ t = (v – v _o) / ( t – t _o)

average velocity (basic definition) v = Δ x / Δ t = (x – x _o) / (t – t _o)

centripetal (radial) force F _c = m v ² / r

Work-Energy principle (for kinetic energy) W = Δ KE = KE ₂ - KE ₁

object on a string in vertical circular motion: - T - mg = - F _c

forces on the object at the top of its motion (or better yet… +T + mg = + F _c )

object on a string in vertical circular motion: T - mg = + F _c

forces on the object at the

bottom of its motion

Conservation of Mechanical KE ₁ + PE ₁ = KE ₂ + PE ₂

Mechanical Energy (assuming no

non-conservative forces acting)

an elastic collision p is conserved,

KE is conserved

an inelastic collision p is conserved,

KE is not conserved

an object is in simple harmonic motion: net force, velocity, and

net force, velocity, acceleration . . . acceleration all vary in magnitude and direction with time

speed of an object in v = 2 π r / T

uniform circular motion

angular momentum of a particle L = m v r

(point mass) moving in a circle

position-time graph: slope slope represents velocity

velocity-time graph: slope; slope represents acceleration;

area between the curve this area represents the

and the time axis displacement of object

projectile motion: characteristics v _y changes with time

of its vertical velocity with time

projectile motion: characteristics neglecting air resistance,

of its horizontal velocity with time v _x remains constant with time

an object is in translational equilibrium net F= 0; object is at rest

or moving at constant velocity

an object is in rotational equilibrium net torque= 0; object is at rest or rotating at a constant rate about a fixed axis

an object is in both translational net F = 0 and net torque = 0

and rotational equilibrium

the “net” work done on an net W = Σ W _i

object due to several forces

Conservation of Energy KE ₁ + PE ₁ = KE ₂ + PE ₂ + W _NC

(including dissipative,

non-conservative forces)

Kepler’s first law of The planets move in elliptical planetary motion (in words) orbits with the Sun at one focus.

Kepler’s second law A line from the Sun to any planet

of planetary motion (in words) sweeps out equal areas in equal time intervals.

(The speed of a planet changes.)

Kepler’s third law T _A² / T _B² = r _A³ / r _B³

of planetary motion (A and B are different planets

(as an equation) orbiting the Sun.)

force-displacement graph: the area represents the work

area between the curve done by the force during a

and the displacement axis particular displacement

AP: Some Important

GEOMETRY and TRIGONOMETRY Relationships

area of a rectangle A = L w = b h

area of a triangle A = ½ b h

area of a circle as a function of its radius A = π r ²

circumference of a circle C = 2 π r

as a function of its radius

volume of a parallelepiped V = L w h

(rectangular solid)

volume of a cylinder V = π r ² L

surface area of a cylinder S = 2 π r L + 2 π r ²

volume of a sphere V = (4/3) π r ³

as a function of its radius

surface area of a sphere of radius r S = 4 π r²

consider a RIGHT TRIANGLE: c

sides a, b are its legs and