AP   PHYSICS   B

SUMMER    ASSIGNMENT   2009

 

 

 

 

 

The AP Physics B course next school year will be a continuation of what was studied in the Physics Honors class this year. We will study Electricity & Magnetism, Waves & Optics, some basic Atomic & Nuclear Physics, and finally some basic Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Physics.  Please read the “Content Outline for Physics B” (attached) for a listing of the AP Physics B topics required by The College Board.

 

Our summer review work will focus on a thorough review of topics we’ve already studied: Newtonian Mechanics.  There is nothing new!  Newtonian Mechanics is VERY important and will be a MAJOR part (35%) of the actual AP Physics B examination next May.

 

This assignment will be placed on my PHYSICS WEBPAGE on the Glen Ridge Schools Website.

 

 

 

Our summer assignment is organized into three (3) parts:

1.         THE MEMORIZATION

 

Using the attached sheets, make 75 “Flashcards” – one for each prefix/equation/concept with prompts on one side of a 3 x 5 “ index card and the values/relationships/responses on the other.  See the examples below.

 

 

 

                 G
 

               

                   giga

 

                1 x 10 9
 
 

 


                                                                  à

 

 

 

        

            centripetal

                (radial)

          acceleration
 

           a c  =  v 2  /  r

ac : centripetal acceleration,                                                                                   m/s2

v :    speed, m/s

r :     radius, m
 
 

 


                                                                       à

 

 

 

Create and use these cards to memorize the 11 metric prefixes,

the 51 Newtonian Mechanics concepts, and finally 13 cards dealing with Geometry and Trigonometry relationships.  We are using symbols based on the Giancoli textbook, but be aware that unfortunately different symbols may be used for the same concepts by different authors, and even by The College Board.  You have to recognize this difference when you read the same material in different books.

 

 The “Flashcards” will be extremely useful in organizing and assisting you to master your Physics principles and to use them in problem solving.

 

 

2.         THE REVIEW BOOK   AND  THE REVIEW     

 

  Please buy the AP Physics B review book:   Cracking the AP Physics B  

  2009 Edition written by John Miller & Steven A. Leduc and published by The Princeton Review through Random House, Inc.  The book’s ISBN number is 978-0-375-42892-0. We will be using it as our primary review book. The book costs $18 and is available at any good bookstore, such as Barnes and Noble, in the “Study Aids” section. It is a good book to take to college as a reference for any college Physics course you may take.

 

            Carefully read/study/review the material dealing with Newtonian          Mechanics: Introduction, Chapters 1 – 7. I would suggest reviewing           only one chapter during one study session, but certainly do whatever         works for you. Concentrate on understanding the Physics rather than         pure memorization. The AP test questions are challenging and truly            assess whether or not you truly UNDERSTAND the concepts.

 

            READ the Chapter Review Questions, and then check the answers in the     “Solutions to the Chapter Review Questions” in the back of the book.

 

            The solutions may be slightly different from the manner in which you   learned to solve the problems. There are many different ways to   solve problems.

 

Be sure to take the book with you whenever you expect to have some “free” time:

to the airport, to the beach, on vacation, and to Physics parties!

 

           

 

 

 

3.         THE ASSESSMENTS       

           

When we return in September, there will be a series of

six (6) assessments  based on the summer assignment:

-           one grade based on evidence of your making the 75 “Flashcards”,

-                      one quiz grade based on your successful memorization of the

            75 key prefixes and key relationships/concepts,

-                      three quiz grades based on your ability to use the key relationships/concepts to solve related Physics problems,

            and finally

-                      one “AP-style” test on Newtonian Mechanics.

 

 

These six assessments will be your first AP Physics B “grades”

next September!

 

            If you have any questions, feel free to e-mail me at the e-mail address

            below.   I will periodically check my school e-mail messages throughout the summer, and I will respond as soon as possible.

 

            Enjoy your summer and your PHYSICS REVIEW WORK!  

            I will be doing the same thing – but in a slightly different way!

 

            (If you find any typing mistakes or errors in the relationships,

            please let me know.)

 

M. Dancho

June 2009

MDancho@glenridge.org

 

 

Content Outline for AP Physics B

 

( This is based on College Board guidelines. )

 

 

 

 

I.                     Newtonian Mechanics

 

A.    Kinematics (including vectors, vector algebra, components of vectors, coordinate systems, displacement, velocity, acceleration)

1.     Motion in one dimension

2.     Motion in two dimensions, including projectile motion

 

B.    Newton’s laws of motion (including friction and centripetal force)

1.     Static equilibrium (first law)

2.     Dynamics of a single particle (second law)

3.     Systems of two or more bodies (third law)

 

C.   Work, energy, power

1.     Work and the work-energy theorem

2.     Forces and potential energy

3.     Conservation of energy

4.     Power

 

D.   Systems of particles, linear momentum

1.     Impulse and momentum

2.     Conservation of linear momentum, collisions

                              

 

E.    Circular motion and rotation

1.     Uniform circular motion

2.     Torque and rotational statics

           

F.    Oscillations and gravitation

1.     Simple harmonic motion (dynamics and energy relationships)

2.     Mass on a spring

3.     Pendulum and other oscillations

4.     Newton’s law of gravity

5.     Orbits of planets and satellites - Circular

 

 

 

 

 

II.          Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Physics

           

A.    Fluid Mechanics

1.  Hydrostatic pressure

2.  Buoyancy

3.  Fluid flow continuity

4.  Bernoulli’s equation

 

B.  Temperature and heat

1.     Mechanical equivalent of heat

2.     Heat transfer and thermal expansion

 

B.    Kinetic theory and thermodynamics

1.     Ideal gases

a.     Kinetic model

b.     Ideal gas law

2.     Laws of thermodynamics

a.     First law (including processes and pV diagrams)

b.     Second law (including heat engines)

 

III.     Electricity and Magnetism

           

A.    Electrostatics

1.     Charge and Coulomb’s law

2.     Electric field and electric potential (including point charges)

 

B.    Conductors, capacitors, dielectrics

1.     Electrostatics with conductors

2.     Capacitors

            a.  Capacitance

            b.  Parallel plate

 

C.   Electric circuits

1.     Current, resistance, power

2.     Steady-state direct current circuits with batteries and resistors only

3.     Capacitors in circuits - Steady state

 

D.   Magnetic Fields

1.     Forces on moving charges in magnetic fields

2.     Forces on current-carrying wires in magnetic fields

3.     Fields of long current-carrying wires

 

E.    Electromagnetism

1.     Electromagnetic induction (including Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law)

IV.  Waves and Optics

 

A.    Wave motion (including sound)

1.     Traveling waves

2.     Wave propagation

3.     Standing waves

4.     Superposition

 

B.    Physical optics

1.     Interference and diffraction

2.     Dispersion of light and the electromagnetic spectrum

 

C.   Geometric optics

1.     Reflection and refraction

2.     Mirrors

3.     Lenses

 

V.    Atomic and Nuclear Physics

 

A.    Atomic physics and quantum effects

1.     Photons, the photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, x-rays

2.     Atomic energy levels

3.     Wave-particle duality

 

B.    Nuclear physics

1.     Nuclear reactions (including conservation of mass number and charge)

2.     Mass-energy equivalence

 

 

 

 

Laboratory and experimental situations:  Each examination will include one or more questions or parts of questions posed in a laboratory or experimental setting.

 

 

 

Miscellaneous: Each examination may include occasional questions that overlap several major areas, or questions on miscellaneous topics such as identification of vectors and scalars, vector mathematics, graphs of functions, history of physics, or contemporary topics in physics.

 

 

 

 

Some Important METRIC PREFIXES

 

 

 

 

 

The following 11 metric (SI) prefixes must be memorized:

 

 

 

giga                      G                1 x 10 9

 

mega                             M                1 x 10 6

 

kilo                       k                 1 x 10 3

 

hecto                             h                 1 x 10 2

 

deka                     da               1 x 10 1

 

deci                      d                 1 x 10 -1

 

centi                     c                 1 x 10 -2

 

milli                      m                1 x 10 -3

 

micro                             μ                 1 x 10 -6

 

nano                     n                 1 x 10 -9

 

pico                      p                 1  x 10 -12

 

 

 

 

 

AP: Some Important

NEWTONIAN   MECHANICS   Relationships

 

centripetal (radial) acceleration (magnitude)         a c = v 2  /  r                            

period of a simple pendulum                                   T = 2  π   √  (  L / g  )

final velocity squared                                                v 2 = v o2  +  2  a (x – xo)

work (definition)                                                         W = F d cos θ                                   

period of  a mass vibrating on a spring                  T = 2  π   √  (  m / k  )

gravitational potential energy of a mass                 PE G  = U G  = m g y = m g h

near the surface of any celestial body                    (relative to a given reference level)

 

impulse and its effect on momentum                      F Δt =  Δ p = m v  -  m vo

final velocity at the end of a time interval                v = vo +  a t

Newton’s second law of motion (vector form)        Fnet  =  Σ F = m a

gravitational potential energy for                             PE G =  U G  = G m1 m2   /   r

masses separated by a large distance

 

power as a function of force and velocity               P = F v cos θ

 

force of kinetic (sliding) friction (magnitude)          F fr  (kinetic) =  μ k  F N

 

force of static (at rest) friction (magnitude)            F fr (static)    ≤  μ s  F N

translational kinetic energy                                      KE = ½ m v 2

period and frequency of vibration                            T =  1  /  f

period of vibration (definition)                                  the time it takes an object to                                                                                                make one complete vibration or                                                                                          oscillation; usually measured in s

 

frequency of vibration (definition)                            the number of complete                                                                                                        vibrations or oscillations of the                                                                                            object per unit time; usually                                                                                      measured in hertz, Hz

 

Newton’s law of universal gravitation (mag)           FG  =  G m1 m2   /   r 2

 

torque (magnitude & definition)                               torque =  τ  (tau)  =  r F sin θ

Hooke’s law (magnitude form)                                F  =  k Δx  =  k Δd

Hooke’s law (vector form)                                        F  =  - k Δx  = -  k Δd

final position at the end of a time interval   x = xo + vo t  +  ½  a t 2

momentum (vector definition)                                  p  = m v

impulse (vector definition)                                        J  =  F  Δt  

average power (basic definition)                            P avg  =  W /  Δt

elastic potential energy as a function                      PEs = U s = ½  k Δx 2  =  ½  k Δd 2

of the spring constant and displacement

 

average acceleration (vector definition)                 a  = Δ v / Δ t = (v – v o)  /  ( t – t o)

average velocity (vector definition)             v  = Δ x / Δ t  = (x – x o)  /  (t – t o)

centripetal or radial force (magnitude)                   F c  =  m v 2  /   r

Work-Energy principle (for kinetic energy) W   =  Δ KE  =  KE 2   -  KE 1

object on a string in vertical circular motion:          - T  - mg  =  -  F c

relationship for forces acting on the object            (or better yet… +T + mg  = +  F c )

at the top of its motion

 

object on a string in vertical circular motion:          T  -  mg  = +  F c

relationship for forces on the object at the

bottom of its motion

 

Conservation of Mechanical                                    KE 1  +  PE 1  =   KE 2  + PE 2

Energy ( with no non-conservative

forces acting on the system)

 

an elastic collision                                                     p is conserved,

                                                                                    KE is conserved

 

an inelastic collision                                                  p is conserved,

                                                                                    KE is not conserved

 

an object is in simple harmonic motion: net force, velocity, and 

net force, velocity,  acceleration . . .                        acceleration all vary in                                                                                                        magnitude and direction                                                                                                      with time        

 

speed of an object in                                                v  =  2 π r  /  T

uniform circular motion

magnitude of the angular momentum                     L = m v r

of a particle (a point mass) moving in a

circle at constant speed

 

position-time graph: slope                                       slope represents velocity

velocity-time graph: slope;                                       slope represents acceleration;     

area between the curve                                            this area represents the

and the time axis                                                       displacement of object

 

projectile motion: characteristics                            v y  changes with time

of its vertical velocity with time

 

projectile motion: characteristics                            neglecting air resistance,

of its horizontal velocity with time                            v x  remains constant with time

           

an object is in translational equilibrium  net F= 0; object is at rest

                                                                                    or moving at constant velocity

 

an object is in rotational equilibrium                   net torque= 0; object is at                                                                                                   rest or rotating at a constant rate                                                                                        about a fixed axis

 

 

an object is in both translational                            net F = 0  and  net torque = 0

and rotational equilibrium

 

the “net” work done on an                             net W = Σ W i

object due to several forces

 

Conservation of Energy                                            KE 1 + PE 1 =  KE 2 + PE 2 + W NC

(including dissipative,

non-conservative forces)

 

Kepler’s first law of                                                   The planets move in elliptical planetary motion (in words)                                    orbits with the Sun at one focus.

 

Kepler’s second law                                                 A line from the Sun to any planet

of planetary motion (in words)                                 sweeps out equal areas in equal                                                                                        time intervals.

                                                                                    (The speed of a planet changes

                                                                                    with time!))

 

 

Kepler’s third law                                                      T A2  /  T B2   =    r A3  /  r B3  

of planetary motion                                                   (A and B are different planets

(as an equation)                                                       orbiting the Sun.)

 

force-displacement graph:                                       the area represents the work

area between the curve                                            done by the force during a  

and the displacement axis                                       particular displacement

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

AP: Some Important

GEOMETRY and TRIGONOMETRY Relationships

 

 

 

area of a rectangle                                                              A = L w  =  b h

 

area of a triangle                                                                 A =  ½  b  h

 

area of a circle as a function of its radius              A = π  r 2

 

circumference of a circle                                                     C =  2  π  r

as a function of its radius

 

volume of a parallelepiped                                     V = L w h

(rectangular solid)

 

volume of a cylinder                                                            V = π  r 2  L

 

surface area of a cylinder                                                   S =  2 π r L   +   2 π r 2

 

volume of a sphere                                                  V  = (4/3)  π  r 3

as a function of its radius

 

surface area of a sphere of radius r                                  S = 4 π r2

 

 

 


consider a RIGHT TRIANGLE:                                                 c              

sides a, b are its legs and                                                                                   a                                                                               side c is its hypotenuse;                                                           θ                     angle θ is opposite side a                                                           

                                                                                                  b

                                                                                           

 

Pythagorean theorem ?                                                        a 2  +  b 2  =  c 2                                 

sin  θ ?                                                                                    sin  θ  =  a / c

 

cos θ ?                                                                                   cos θ  =   b / c

                                                                       

tan  θ ?                                                                                   tan θ   =  a / b